A learner still, I'm looking at numbers. I can relatively easily learn stuff when there's a rule or a pattern, but I'm curious why the numbers in Italian change from :
undici
dodici
xx-dici
..
to dici-xx
diciotto
diciannove
at 17?
This is the body of a previously asked question about the same issue (merged with this one):
Let's count in Latin from one to twenty:
ūnus/ūna/ūnum, duo/duae/duo, trēs/tria, quattuor, quīnque, sex, septem, octō, novem, decem,
ūndecim, duodecim, tredecim, quattuordecim, quīndecim, sēdecim, septendecim, duodēvīgintī, ūndēvīgintī, vīgintī
As pointed out by symbiotech, "octodecim" and "novemdecim" were also used in Latin, but they didn't survive. On the other hand, as pointed out by martina, "dĕcem (et) sĕptem" was also a common form for "septemdĕcim".
In Attic Greek it was:
ΕΙΣ/ΜΙΑ/ΕΝ (heis/mia/en), ΔΥΟ (dúō), ΤΡΕΙΣ/ΤΡΙΑ (treis/tria), ΤΕΤΤΑΡΕΣ/ΤΕΤΤΑΡΑ (téttares/téttara), ΠΕΝΤΕ (pénte), ΕΞ (héx), ΕΠΤΑ (heptá), ΟΚΤΩ (oktṓ), ΕΝΝΕΑ (ennéa), ΔΕΚΑ (déka),
ΕΝΔΕΚΑ (héndeka), ΔΩΔΕΚΑ (dódeka), ΤΡΕΙΣΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ (treiskaídeka), ΤΕΤΤΑΡΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΚΑ (téttares kaì déka), ΠΕΝΤΕΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ (pentekaídeka), ΕΚΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ (hekkaídeka), ΕΠΤΑΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ (heptakaídeka), ΟΚΤΩΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ (oktōkaídeka), ΕΝΝΕΑΚΑΙΔΕΚΑ (enneakaídeka), ΕΙΚΟΣΙ(Ν) (eíkosi(n))
Now let's count in Italian:
uno, due, tre, quattro, cinque, sei, sette, otto, nove, dieci,
undici, dodici, tredici, quattordici, quindici, sedici, diciassette, diciotto, diciannove, venti.
But numbers from eleven to twenty could also have been, just hypothetically of course (adding accents for clarity's sake):
diciùno, diciaddùe, diciattré, diciacquàttro, diciaccìnque, diciassèi, diciassètte, diciòtto, diciannòve, vénti
or
undici, dodici, tredici, quattordici, quindici, sedici, settèndici, ottòdici, novèndici, venti.
In Spanish it is:
uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez,
once, doce, trece, catorce, quince, dieciseis, diecisiete, dieciocho, diecinueve, veinte
In Portuguese:
um, dois, três, quarto, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove, dez,
onze, doze, treze, catorze/quatorze, quinze, dezasseis/dezesseis, dezassete/dezessete, dezoito, dezanove/dezenove, vinte
In French:
un, deux, trois, quatre, cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix,
onze, douze, treize, quatorze, quinze, seize, dix-sept, dix-huit, dix-neuf, vingt
Following martina's hint here are the number words from one to twenty in Romanian:
unu, doi, trei, patru, cinci, şase, şapte, opt, nouă, zece,
unsprezece, doisprezece, treisprezece, paisprezece, cincisprezece, şaisprezece, şaptesprezece, optsprezece, nouăsprezece, douăzeci
I find Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and French constructions for number words bizarre and inconsistent (whereas in Romanian it seems they are perfectly consistent - thanks martina for her hint - as well as in Ancient Greek). Is there any academic work on the history of number words in Latin/Italian/Spanish/Portuguese/French where the origin of number words from eleven to nineteen is tracked down, documented, explained, discussed?